Archive for the 'Academic | 学海无涯' Category

迂回的道路

Monday, March 23rd, 2009


虽然说《地理学和地理学家》有翻译的中文版本,但是相对学究的写作方式再加上翻译之后带来的另一层“误读”,使得阅读变成一种迷宫式的环绕,看了大半天还在云山雾绕之中,多亏andrew推荐了《All possible worlds: A history of Geographical ideas》,刚刚读了第一章已经完全吸引了我。这是牛津大学出版社出版的书,作者是Geoffrey J. Martin, 教授(Southern Connecticut State University),同时他还是《Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies》和《The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-Five Years, 1904-1979》的作者之一,可见其有深厚的地理学思想史的研究。现在书已经是第四版,我从图书馆借来的是第二版,第四版增加了一些当代的研究思潮和进展,在amazon看到的二手书40多刀,暂时没有拿定主意买不买。

全书真的是字字珠玑,每段话都主旨明确,内容衔接也逻辑清晰,太适合对地理学思想史的学生阅读。第一章就用一些简单的文字解释了我们本科一直在思考的问题。比如什么是地理环境

its a complex universe: there are things (phenomena) on it produced by physical and chemical processes; there are plants and animals produces by biotic processes; and there is man himself, influenced by his natural surroundings and also an agent of change in his surrounding acting through economic, social, and political events. All these things and the events of which they are the momentary signs exist in complex association and interconnection, forming what is called the man-environment system.

什么是地理学的思想

The history of geographical ideas is the record of man’s effort to gain more and more logical and useful knowledge of the human habitat and of man’s spread over the earth: logical in that explanations of the things observed could be so tested and verified that scholars could have confidence in them; useful in that the knowledge so gained could be used to facilitate man’s adjustment to the varied natural conditions of the earth, to make possible modifications of adverse conditions, or even to gain a measure of control over them.

什么是思潮以及思潮的周期

The new observations may demonstrate the inadequacy of the hypothesis, which is then withdrawn in favor of a new one or is substantially modified. These are periods of great progress. Then, when a conceptual structure becomes widely accepted and a paradigm of scholarly behavior is established, there is a period when observations increase so fast that they must be stored away for future use. These periods of intellectual stability are not periods of notable progress. Eventually, a new and sometimes radically different concept of the meaning of the observed data is set forth, and the sequence is repeated.

地理学的边界在哪里:

What then does geography do? It is important to understand that since World War II this question does not call for a definition of geography that would establish its boundaries. The trend now is for all fields of study to come together around specific problems. The process of separation has now been replaced by a process of integration in which each professional field brings its own special skills and concepts to bear on such major difficulties as poverty, overpopulation, race relations, and environmental destruction…..Geography has always had a holistic tradition so that it comes as no intellectual shock to study systems of interconnection and interdependent parts of diverse origin. Geography is closely involved with cartography in the development and use of maps, which are ideally suited to the study of complex location factors. A geographer is a person who asks questions about the significance of location, distance, direction, spread, and spatial succession. The geographer deals with problems of accessibility, innovation diffusion, density, and other derivative of relative location.

地理学主要的研究问题

There are at least five different kinds of questions of geographic character that can be investigated: (1) There are generic questions that have to do with the content of earth space but that cannot be effectively answered without a framework of concepts to guide the separation of the relevant from the vast complexity of the irrelevant. (2) There are genetic questions that have to do with the sequences of events leading from past situations through geographic changes to present conditions; these are studied by the methods of historical geography. (3) There are theoretical questions that deal with the formulation of empirical generalizations or of general laws, perhaps even with basic theory, and with the methods of drawing logical deductions. (4) There are remedial questions that have to do with the application of geographic concepts and skills to the study of practical economic, social, or political problems. (5) There are methodological questions that have to do with experiments in new method of study, new techniques of observation and analysis, or new cartographic methods.

最后是对于科学而又自由地研究的警示

Although there are many in each generation of geographers who are inclined to establish their own methods of work as the only acceptable paradigm, these efforts have been resisted. The freedom to inquire curiosity leads has been preserved. There are still new worlds to be discovered by the enthusiastic scholars.

愿用最后一句话给大家共勉

Geography as a mirror

Tuesday, March 10th, 2009

Guns, Germs, and Steel

只是记录一下最近读书的一点点想法。

1.关于地理的研究对象(subject)

学地理特别是自然地理的时候说地理研究的是上至平流层下至岩石圈浅层的所有对象。这个界定注定了地理既人文(human)又自然(physical),包罗万象,也使得起学术地位和认同。但是,就现在所学来看,有所谓的两个核心,一个是空间问题,另一个是人地关系问题。前者引申出地统计学,空间分析学(kriging interpolation)等等;后者最出名的例子还是全球变暖的人为作用(anthropogenic effect),但是也有在人本情怀上面的例子(比如房间私密程度的演化,SNS网络的空间隔离(segregation),ie. 中国用校内,北美大多用facebook)等。

虽然很早之前环境决定论就被否定了,但是读了Guns,Germs,and Steel之后,从一个更客观的角度看地理空间的作用,确实在人类社会的发展历史上起了非常重要的作用。以前没有想过的很多现象,都有了更好的解释。比如欧亚大陆(horizontal)比起美洲大陆和欧非大陆(vertical)更有利于病毒知识技术的传播。读了nature纪念达尔文200周年的纪念文章,更加觉得地理空间隔离对进化的重要性。

2.关于地理研究的界限(multi-discipline relationship)

就是由于读其他学科的东西,往往都会提到地理,比如上面提到的进化理论,空间隔离的小岛确实提供了天然的观测场所。可见地理和生物的不可分离性,更不用说在景观生态(Landscape)上面的两者更加紧密的联系。再看看其他学科,话说史地不分家,历史和地理更加分不开,事物本来就在时空四维上面发展,讲一个故事往往都要注意时间地点。文学上面那些大师也常常讨论地方感(sense of space and sense of place)和文化冲击(cultural collision)的格格不入(out of place)。换到社科上面,人文地理所采用社会调查记录采访方法基本都跟社会学人类学一模一样。而GIS和RS方法对于数据的存储和处理方式,跟信息学、信号学、数据库、拓扑学、统计学、概率学又有相连通之处。

这样来看,地理还真的很博物学。博物学虽然已经过时了,但是很多伟大的发明发现都是以博物学为基础,很多出名的研究都是多学科交流沟通开窍出来的。

3.关于地理所需要的基础(prerequisite)

已经看出地理是如此“通学”,所以我们老被问需要什么基础。最重要的可能还是数学和思维两者。数学自不必说,无论你做人文还是自然哪怕经济地理,都需要数学基础,概率线性代数和微积分至少是一个基础,再往上就看你的方向了(specialization)。另一个思维可以归结为发现问题和思考问题的方式,可以拿到下面一点说。

4.关于创新和批判性学习(innovation, critical thinking)

到了国外,对于创新和批判性思考有了更深的认识。首先是他们对于前人(precursor)知识的尊重,再者就是他们老爱想(pros and cons),并且往往能从一个比较新颖独特的角度想到解决的办法。虽然可能带来更多的问题,但是至少确定的这是一个死胡同。这也是为什么在书中作者说“Tolerance of diverse views and of heretics fosters innovation, whereas a strongly traditional outlook (as in China’s emphasis on ancient Chinese classics) stifles it” 这句话的原因。

就我现在来看,严格的审查制度(比如GFW、文化XX部门)的所作所为,也造成一个很大贫富差距,对于“异端”的思想层面的贫富差距。对于能够翻墙看到这些或者努力翻墙看到这些和很大一部分根本不知道墙在哪里的人,这个差距所产生的影响更加深远。幸运的是,我们有那么一群人不断的挑战“民主”,“权力”的界定范围(跟Boston Legal里面所讨论的问题有些类似),虽然他们的行为可能偏激,可能唐突,但是至少我们知道现状不是让人满意的。来到这边,总能感觉到外国人,哪怕是香港人,或者说早期的移民者对于国内的一些既定观念(stereotyping),并且很多都是老套(cliche)和负面的(negative connotation),但是,这也不能作为停下一个个体追求真善美的原因啊?

下面的两段话出自John K. Wright于1925年发表在Annals of the Association of American Geographers上面的文章The History of Geography: A Point of View,关于地理学思想的镜子比喻,值得珍藏。

In conclusion, we may compare the mind of man to a mirror which has the ability not only to reflect but to retain, record and interpret more or less imperfectly the images that it reflects. It is not a clean, bright mirror which gives exact images, but too often is warped, clouded, spotted, cracked and broken. The appearance of the image, no matter of what the reflection may be, is determined very largely by the nature of the mirror itself and by the spots, dust, and other foreign matter that may have accumulated upon it.

The history of geography is the history of images of the geographical environment that have been distorted and discolored by the quality of the minds in which they have been lodged; they have been blurred by accumulations of extraneous lore in these minds and confused by other thoughts. Yet the mere fact that they are images of the geographical environment, not images of anything else, make it possible for us to distinguish in some measure between the elements that are true reflections and the appearances that are due to the mirror. In other words, if we are looking for the kind of thought best suited for study from the geographical point of view, may it not be a good plan first to select geographical thought itself?

postcard from Chongqing received on Mar. 2009

Salvation by Geography

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

很久没有回归写一些真正地理的东西了,第一次在西方的土地上,度过一个圣诞元旦两周的假期,趁此时机,借了段义孚先生的自传来看,看得唏嘘寥落,也看得兴致盎然。

书名是“Who am I? An autobiography of emotion, mind, and spirit”, 1999年完成于威斯康斯。说到段义孚,国内学地理的学生可能也不知道他是何方神圣,得悉这么一位儒雅的老先生也是由于北师大的周教授在人文地理课上的介绍和她seminar进一步引导以至最后促成的讲座而至的。简而言之,段义孚先生是一位地理学家,人本地理学(Human Geography)的开创人,是一位院士,是一位华人,是一位“孤独”但”充实“的老人了。之所以说很多人不知道段先生,就在于他所研究的内容往往不认为是地理学,看看他书的题目,Segmented worlds and selfCosmos and HearthDominance and Affection,《道德和想象》(Morality and Imagination),Passing Strange and Wonderful,《逃避主义》(Escapism),很难有人认为这是地理学家而非哲学家的书。这里面可能只有《恋地情结》(Topophilia),空间和地方(Space and Place)是最”地理“感觉的名称,但真正的内容按先生的话是非”mainstream“的地理。

充盈书中的有两种气氛,使得读了书之后不得不提笔写点什么。一者是强烈的孤独感,一者是恰如其分的骄傲感。

先说后者,按照段先生的话, A scholar wishes, above all, for intellectual fulfillment. 这本自传,横跨了段先生的少年到老年,也引出了他的十本人本地理学著作,写作的机缘和内容的主旨,这当然是一段值得骄傲的事情,至少在我看来(段先生可能很好的拿捏了这份骄傲感)。其中最吸引我的一段是问到为什么自己是地理学家的时候,之于我,特别共鸣。

为何这么说呢,因为每次当有人问我是学什么的时候,对于stranger,或者说我想引起戏剧性的效果,我总喜欢用地理来回答,往往对方都惊讶到现在还有人学白垩纪岩层这种东西,然后我们的对话就可以戛然而止。而对于真正知道的人,他往往会问我是做城市、遥感、找矿什么一类更具体的内容,这样我才有点兴致解释一下我是做什么的;对于真正的同行和对地理学有兴致的人,我才把我对地理的挚爱表现出来。这可能也是段先生书中”Most people have to hide their dislike in the interest of social harmony“的一种表现吧。

段先生对于为什么自己是地理学家的回答更深层次,我几乎将文中全部引用如下:

“My vocation in geography can be baffling to colleagues in other disciplines. At faculty socials, I have been asked “why are you a geographer, or why do you can yourself one?””

I respond in three ways, each geared to a different level of seriousness.

At social gathering, when people are not at their most attentive, I am likely to say, “As a child, I moved around a great deal with my family, and there is nothing like travel to stimulate one’s appetite for geography”

My second and more thoughtful response is “I have always had an inordinate fear of losing my way. Of course, no one likes to be lost, but my dread of it is excessive. I suspect that more than physical discomfort is at stake. To be lost is to be paralyzed, there being no reason to move one way rather than another. Even back and front cease to be meaningful. Life, with no sense of direction, is drained of purpose. So, even as a child, I concluded that I had to be a geographer so as to ensure that I should never be disoriented.” Geographers, I assume, always knew where they were. They always had a map somewhere — either in their backpack or in their head.

I sometimes say reasingly to environmentalists that, unlike them, I am a genuine lover of nature. But by “nature” I mean the planet Earth, not just its veneer — and of life, and the whole universe, which is overwhelmingly inorganic. This leads to my most serious reply to the question: I took up geography because I have always wondered, perhaps to a neurotic degree, about the meaning of existence: I want to know what we are doing here, what we want out of life.

其实上面这个事情好像无法支持我所谓的骄傲感,不过如果你想体会那字里行间的火候正好的骄傲感,你可以找这本书来看看。

另外一点,更明显的一点,就是孤独感。如果我现在还在师大,可能很难体会这份感情,或者强说愁的以为体会这种孤独。但是现在我至少可以说我能有一点共鸣。

段先生这本自传从小时候开始,而他自小辗转很多国家居住生活,国内的抗战和奔波在外的生活给了他开阔的视野,所以段先生说他的人生舞台跟一般人相反,是从一种world stage和public events(段先生曾是国内战争时期的中产阶级,其父居官位,段祺瑞是其远亲)到local stage和private events(越来越内省,喜欢非生命的物质的美丽,不喜交际等)的转变。这是书的第二和第三章的主要内容。

书的第四章,也就是读大学前面的部分,涉及了先生的感情以及先生的偶像,现代地理学创始人,亚历山大洪堡的感情世界。题目是justice和love,但是内容却往往是injustice和non-love。这里面,涉及到先生对于爱的定义,对于人与人之间牵连的纽带的看法。同时,漂泊的经历给了他对于文化,多元更多的理解,也体会到作为一个黄种人在白人文化中的孤立和injustice。看这一段,不胜唏嘘,知道先生作出了终年独身的决定,也不得不佩服能战胜孤独的勇气。

书的第五章题目我借来作为本篇的题目,以其创作的各个著作为线,介绍了自己的创作缘由。这也为我列了一份书单,让我可以挑选想看的。比如cosmos and hearth
涉及到了欧洲人际关系关于从公众到私密的变化,以及这种变化反映在房屋戏院的建造格局(越来越需要私密空间)上的区别;又比如space and place第一次将place的概念用到了人身上,比如母亲就是你的避风港,而移动的物体,比如游艇飞机,仍然能在短时间内达到一种归属感;Dominance and Affection里面最早介绍的被驯化的不是物体,而是水(Water),比如为了审美目的的喷泉,当然还有我们听过的例子盆景,这已经脱离我们一般认为的宠物(pets)的范畴。所以说,先生的孤独给了他更多的时间思考,也给了他更多的独特的观点。其中有一段讲到为什么这些也算地理的时候,说地理学不过是研究人地关系,自然地理学家想的是生物、物理等等的关系,而人文地理学家重视的是经济人口的压力,而人本地理学家往往从审美的情感的和精神的(aesthetic, emotional, spiritual)角度切入

随着内省的一步步深入,对于真理,对于世界美好的思考,引向了最后一章的good life。段先生用了一个问号,对什么是good life进行了质问。也将这份孤独感推向了高潮。这一章有三个故事特别值得回味,一个是先生感觉不适之后打电话求助最后非常辗转得救但是再也不敢在公共场合和同事吃饭的故事,一个是生日的时候约好的庆生的两人得病不能来而跟一位9岁的小孩在在附近一起吃饭的故事,最后一个是他的一位学生在发现他住在他家对面之后他们一起在咖啡店的聚会。这一份冷漠,先生能如此平和的面对,我还是不得不佩服。先生也说这一份不成熟,其实每个人都有的不成熟,就是原创的灵感。可能在外人看来,这是一个古怪的老头,但是其内心的挣扎和孤寂却是我无法用言语描述的,虽不能说有戚戚焉,但我能很感动,一种抽离的距离感的感动。

书的最后,是我见过的最精彩的结尾,比有画面的电影还来得精彩。我同样摘抄如下:

I was alone, driving west late — well past midnight — across the sparely settled landscapes of Nebraska. My car and another one ahead were the only two on the narrow highway. We kept each other company. I was never a confident driver, least of all in the dark, so I appreciated the front car’s twilights, which guided me and made me feel safe. Just when I was beginning to take my companion for granted, his right-turn signal started to flicker. A friendly gesture, I thought, but also regrettable, because I was going to be left to myself. The car turned into a country lane. Henceforth, I had only my own headlights to show me the way. They illuminated a short stretch of the road and were then absorbed by a wall of darkness.

能把开右转灯认为是一种友好的行为,能把未来(虽然他认同他退休后还比较期待死亡只是没有能力结束自己的生命),无论是他的还是对于地理学,人本地理学的,用这么隐喻的方式表现出来,这一份感情很难不勾起我的惆怅。但是也这是那一点光,无论是消失的陪伴你的光还是你自己的,都指引不停的往前,不停的上路,不停的发现人生。

—————-PS的分割线————————
这是第一次看完一部英文著作(哈利波特除外),特别是段先生这种几乎是native speaker的作者,曾经周教授说他比native writer还native,就在于其深厚的文学和哲学修养,很多词汇都是其原创(原话应该是凭空创造的),所以读起来难免被无数的修辞和生僻的形容打断,但是幸运的是,段先生真的是很好的作者,或者说诉说者,自传里面,对于情感和精神的描述虽然看起来很累,但是穿插的大大小小的故事却引人入胜的使得这些道理看起来那么浅显易懂。

作为学地理的学生,真的应该多读读历史和哲学。

读书真的是快乐的事情

Saturday, December 6th, 2008

library

看书真的是快乐的事情
看到书里面的reference从而打开一副新的局面
也是很快乐的事情

从一堆一堆的书架上面挑书是快乐的事情
跟本无意搜寻的书偶遇更是快乐的事情
拿到书在橘色的灯光下阅读也是快乐的事情

慢慢整理自己看的东西,写出个轮廓而不是只学不思
那也是很有满足感的快乐
从书上学到新的技术、找到共鸣、醍醐灌顶
岂不是快乐的事情

————————-第一次用分割线————————
其实以上都是自欺欺人,自我催眠
不过我要在这个月完成一个project,一个会议全文,一个会议摘要是事实,god bless me
PS. 我开始适应电子阅读了 谢谢UW的图书馆很好看的照片

融入生活

Monday, October 27th, 2008

第一周过去了,我还在尝试融入这个社会,最大的困难可能就在于孤单,我已经想尽了一切办法,给老爸老妈,rainbowrain,烽兄,tsing等等打过电话,在有些人面前我很坚强,在有些人面前我很脆弱,这个过程也很像长跑,每次都会让我下一次情绪化来得间隔更远一点。

这边的生活其实非常悠闲优渥,吃的很多,玩的不多,没有车的话交通不方便,这一切都说明这是一个适合做研究的地方。不过每天早上还是会觉得很大挑战,无论是来自学业的还是生活的或者心理的。可能等我下次写周记的时候就好很多了。

有些问题感触比较深刻,故留作纪念,可能适应了之后反倒当年这些只是强说愁了。

效率问题
生在寒冷的加拿大,人虽然守时,但是却不怎么勤快,效率非常堪忧。比如我周四去银行开户,让我等到下周一,过了appointment的时间之后就要调到下午,当时一直嘀咕,不是就是开户吗,难道你们还不高兴;又比如办理医疗保险,钱交完表填好之后,officer去里面倒腾一番说现在没有卡了,起码要等十天。更不用说信用卡和手机sim card了,sim card那个人说系统down了,直接不理我,要了一个email现在已经1周了还没有消息。只有下周去fairview mall办理了。支票更好玩,大宗现金一般用支票,但是支票到帐之后还有一周不能用,并且银行很多服务都是收费的,甚至包括取钱,囧。我公交的效率就不好说了,毕竟我们这里是农村,每天出门都要查好车的到站时间,跟坐火车一样,要不你就要在寒风中罚站半个小时以上。周末这边的人就要开始冬眠,很多活动都没有,公交也6点就收车,我已经硬生生的错过两次公交然后走一个小时回家了,走在路上那叫真想有个ipod也想死还想回国啊。最绝望的可能就是驾照,听说整个过程需要1年,崩溃吧~~再想想它的签证速度,sign~~

礼仪问题
来这边最主要的英语就是excuse me;sorry;thank you还有笑脸,时时刻刻带上。无论在吃饭的时候,骑车的时候,开门的时候,上厕所的时候,找秘书的时候,千万不要忘了礼仪。每个商店的人也会不停给你说how r u 和 have a nice day。走在路上,都会有人给你微笑。排队什么的秩序也很好,不会有插队的。对于残疾、妇女和小孩,这边非常尊重,连公交车都要放低地盘气垫,太神奇了。

新鲜的玩意儿
新鲜的东西很多,比如真的需要拉车线告诉司机你要下车了;比如在中餐馆吃完饭之后会发一个幸运饺子,里面藏了一张纸,一面写的中文单词让人学,一面写一句话,btw,每次那个话都非常灵验。这边的小mall也很奇怪,吃的用的好像跟国内超市一样,但是里面往往有post office,但是却没有床上用品和衣服卖。往往外面还有一个dollar店,也就是1刀可以买一个东西的地方,不过质量不好说,加上税之后也就超过了1刀。说到税,这边每年都可以申请退税,只要你过来的时间横跨了元旦,并且离加前两个月的税也可以退。不过两个方式不同,第一个是与收入有关,低收入会有一笔收入,比如我们这种学生,高收入的可能还要补交,这些都在次年的1-3月填报;第二个是要将购物发票收好,才有退税。更新鲜的在于我们和古巴竟然不需要签证,所以这边很多中国人在冬天开始迁往古巴~~

熟悉的logo
这边熟悉的除了中文,就是一些logo了。我在这个小农村看到的熟悉的logo有7-11(貌似是24小时),DQ(Dairy Queen), RIM(其实也是由于tsing才对黑莓有认识的),Walmart,Fedex,Dominos,Subway(为什么这里竟然没有MC和KFC呢),或者在Downtown我还没有发现。有些时候,搞不清吃什么,只有找中餐馆或者这些熟悉的地方办事了。至于衣物,听说这边也有A&F,不过我还没有去那个大的mall逛过,所以也不知道里面的价位和品牌。

近期的行程就是下周计划乘赌场的车去一次大瀑布,或者周末再carpool去一趟多伦多的China town,找找那边的同学。

最后贴一些新的照片吧

street scene
street scene

RIM
RIM的headquarter竟然就在学校旁边,每年好几次来招人,还会有好吃的好喝的,当然Apple啊MS啊也经常来,谁叫他CS那么厉害呢

kitchener city center hall
Kitchener city center hall

University
Laurel University

Church
Church,maybe以后加入

chinese fast food
Chinese fast food,价格不便宜量很足

大使馆教育组领导来UW
大使馆教育组领导来请我们吃饭,去的一家粤菜中餐馆,40多个“学者”大多都是来一年的,貌似我要接任领导职务。

秦皇岛也不会是避暑胜地

Friday, July 25th, 2008

秦皇岛、山海关、老龙头、北戴河、南戴河、黄金海岸,不是避暑的地方。整个行程充满了囧rz

首先就是三车100多号人,大家回来的路线都不统一,所以调车什么的很混乱;
地勤导游那叫一个偷懒,连解说都省掉了;
当地吃的那个饭,明明是10个人一桌,却安排11个人一桌,味道和量我就不贬低了,反正对于我就是吃饱就可以,但是你总不能让我大热天不开空调吃饭,不给我水洗手吧(太囧了);吃饭的地方更是千变万化,所以行程就是坐车—下车—吃饭—坐车—下车—卫生间—坐车—下车—旅游—坐车—下车—住宿—坐车~~
住宿的地方是个疗养院,环境还将就,至少我的手机电脑和相机都有充电的地方,穿别人穿过的塑料拖鞋也没有惹到我,只是为什么离海边那么远;
我知道秦皇岛要举办奥运的足球预选赛,但是也不能我打个车也要停下来两次出示身份证吧,难道真的要避运(你叫我们四川人怎么活,在北师大有美国队、去秦皇岛有足球、回家还在地震);
最后就是囧得要死的景点,每个景点竟然都没有公交车、黄金海岸上面一个公共交通都没有,只有打车或者黑车….
能庆幸的就是我已经习惯了全身都是汗(自从胖了之后很容易流汗~~)爬山,海边没有继续去晒要不会再掉皮,路上亲眼目睹一只孔雀开屏的全过程~

沙滩城墙海浪
与普陀不同,这里的沙滩有很多贝壳、海带、石头还有海蜇(让人回忆Joey给Monica的pee),对于照片有兴趣的,可以看看天津秦皇岛的相册

总而言之,出去玩,千万不要跟团,哪怕是所谓的避暑胜地,旅游业支柱产业的地方